The Shadow War: How the Confederate Secret Service Tried to Sway the 1864 Election

Faced with overwhelming odds, Southerners innovated and developed shadow warfare and covert operations, including attempting to manipulate news coverage of the war and erode Northern morale.

During the American Civil War, the political neutrality of news media was called into question. As far back as the Civil War, opponents have understood the importance of controlling the narrative in the press — and have gone to great lengths to influence it to help sway elections.

Facing the overwhelming odds of the massive Northern armies, Southerners innovated and developed shadow warfare and covert operations to help even the odds, including attempting to manipulate news coverage of the war and erode Northern morale.

The Confederate Secret Service was a real but unofficial hidden hand that lay behind these clandestine efforts to alter the course of the war. Various branches of the Secret Service attempted a number of techniques, including kidnapping officials, violence and trying to incite insurrection. However, some believed using influence and money offered the best chance of success in stopping the war.

President Abraham Lincoln with his eventual election opponent in 1864, future Democrat presidential candidate General George B. McClellan, at his headquarters at Antietam, October 3, 1862.

One of their most important objectives was to try to influence the 1864 presidential election. Confederate Secret Service operative George Nicholas Sanders, based in the opulent St. Lawrence Hotel in Montreal, led the crusade to influence and control "the Democracy," the Democratic Party’s self-aggrandizing term for itself at the time.

The Secret Service, according to one Confederate operative, sent tens of thousands of dollars to various Democrat news organizations. Much of the Northern press was virulently anti-war and anti-Lincoln, and the articles had a chilling effect as they sapped Northern morale. Accordingly, the Confederate Secret Service plied Northern newspapers with cash to shape the Confederacy’s narrative of how hopeless and fruitless the war had become.

Horace Greeley, the influential editor of the New York Tribune, was an antislavery crusader who supported the war but was horrified by its aftermath and the stalled Union offensives that seemed to go nowhere – a forever war.

In a master stroke in the summer of 1864, Sanders and the Secret Service set up a phony peace conference to trick Lincoln into admitting the war would not end until the Confederacy surrendered, and slavery was abolished. The scheme worked, and Sanders quickly shot off a press release to the Associated Press, which ran it on their wire, "All the Democratic press denounce Lincoln’s manifesto in strong terms, and many Republican presses admit it was a blunder."

The Democratic platform for 1864, which the Confederate Secret Service would help write, called for an armistice and the continuation of slavery. As the Twentieth Century and first quarter of this century have proven, insurgencies are almost impossible to destroy if they have the support of the population. The South did not have to win the war but merely survive it.

By 1864, much of the South’s vast territory had not been occupied by Northern troops, and the Southern people were overwhelmingly supportive of the war. Occupying the entire South against a hostile American population was nearly impossible as the British had fruitlessly attempted decades earlier in The Revolution and the War of 1812.

Controlling the narrative through an information war to influence hearts and minds became central in the Confederacy’s shadow war. In the summer of 1864, Northern armies were forced to retreat at Lynchburg, Virginia, and Confederate General Jubal Early’s army marched through the Shenandoah Valley and nearly seized Washington, D.C.

Hundreds of thousands of Union soldiers lay dead as casualties, and desertions in the Union skyrocketed. Through the Confederate Secret Services’ efforts, the press magnified the despair and the belief that a political solution was needed to end the forever war.

As the Chicago Democratic Convention in August 1864 loomed, "The Democracy" was ascendent in the polls. A despondent President Abraham Lincoln, wrote, "You think I don’t know I am going to be beaten, but I do, and unless some great change takes place, I will be badly beaten."